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Consumer credit agreements

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Consumer credit agreements

Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Consumer credit agreements

Topics

These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

Internal market > Single market for capital

Consumer credit agreements

Document or Iniciative

Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 on credit agreements for consumers and repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC.

Summary

This Directive aims to harmonise the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States covering credit for consumers, in order to facilitate cross-border services. It shall increase the transparency of contractual conditions and improve the level of consumer protection.

However the Directive is not applicable to credit agreements that are:

  • secured by a mortgage;
  • concluded for the purchase of land or immovable property;
  • whose total amount is less than 200 euros or more than 75 000 euros;
  • relating to lease or hire where there is no obligation to purchase;
  • granted free of interest, without other charges or in the form of an overdraft facility;
  • concluded with an investment company;
  • the result of a judicial ruling;
  • linked to the payment or to the surety of a debt;
  • linked to loans granted to a limited group of the public.

Member States may also apply a less restrictive regime to organisations with social aims and activities that only profit their members, where they offer an annual percentage rate of charge which is lower than the current market rate.

During the pre-contractual phase,the creditor * or their intermediaries * must supply clear information on the main features of the credit offered in due course. In particular, this concerns:

  • the duration of the credit agreement;
  • the total amount of credit;
  • the borrowing rate and rates relating thereto;
  • the annual percentage rate of charge * and the total amount owed by the consumer *;
  • the amount, number and frequency of instalments;
  • the cash price for goods or services supplied against specific payment terms or a linked credit agreement;
  • costs linked to or resulting from the agreement;
  • contractual obligations;
  • consumer rights;
  • the consequences of late payments and defaults;
  • sureties.

Consumers shall receive this information in a standard form as stipulated in Annexe II of the Directive.

Apart from an obligation to supply comprehensive pre-contractual information, creditors must supply consumers with adequate explanations so that the latter may choose a contract which corresponds to their needs and to their financial situation. In addition creditors must evaluate the solvency of their clients before concluding an agreement, whilst also respecting the right of consumers to be informed when their request for credit is rejected.

The contract must restate the main information relating to the credit offer chosen. If the borrowing rate is modified *, the consumer must be informed of the new amount, the number and frequency of instalments.

Consumers may exercise their right to withdraw by notifying the creditor of their intention, without having to justify their decision. This must take place within fourteen days from the conclusion of the agreement.

Consumers also have the right to make early repayment of their debt. They can exercise this right at any time, as long as the creditor receives fair compensation which is objectively justified.

Member States shall ensure that creditors and credit intermediaries fulfil their obligations. They shall ensure that audits are carried out by an independent authority.

Context

This Directive repeals Directive 87/102/EEC in order to strengthen consumer protection. It must be implemented in Member States before 2 May 2010.

Key terms of the Act
  • Creditor: any natural or legal person who grants or promises to grant credit in the course of their trade, business or profession.
  • Credit intermediary: a natural or legal person who does not act as a creditor and who, in the course of their trade, business or profession:
    1. presents or offers credit agreements to consumers;
    2. assists consumers by carrying out preparatory work for agreements;
    3. concludes credit agreements with consumers on behalf of the creditor.
  • Total amount payable by the consumer: the sum of the total amount of the credit and the total cost of the credit to the consumer.
  • Annual percentage rate of charge: the total cost of the credit to the consumer, expressed as an annual percentage of the total amount of credit.
  • Borrowing rate: the interest rate expressed as a fixed or variable percentage applied on an annual basis to the amount of credit drawn down.

References

Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition into the Member States Official Journal

Directive 2008/48/EC

11.6.2008

12.5.2010

L 133/66 of 22.5.2008

Resources

Further Reading

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  • WEIN, TH., Eine ökonomische Analyse der neuen Verbrauchsgüterkaufrichtlinie zum Gewährleistungsrecht, Universität Lüneburg, Fachbereich Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Arbeitsberitch Nr. 228.
  • WEISNER, “Die EG-Kaufrechtsgewährleistungsrichtlinie”, JuS, 2001, pp. 759 y ss.
  • WELSER, R., “Der Vorschlag einer EU-Richtlinie über den Verbrauchsgüterkauf ”, Festschrift Hempe, 1997, pp. 323 y ss.
  • WELSER, R., “Die Verbrauchergüterkauf-Richtlinie und ihre Umsetzung in Österreich und Deutschland”, en P. SCHLECHTRIEM, Wandlungen des Schuldrechts, Baden Baden, 2002, pp. 83 y ss.
  • WELSER, R., “Reform des österreichischen Leistungsstörungsrechts”, en C. FISCHER-CZERMAK (Coord.), Das ABGB auf dem Weg in das 3. Jahrtausend, Wien, Manz, 2003, pp. 63 y ss.
  • WELSER, R./JUD, B., Reform der Gewährleistungsrechts, Verhandlungen des 14. Österreichischen Juristentages, Band II/1, 2000.
  • WELSER, R./JUD, B., Die neue Gewährleistung, 2001.
  • WERTENBRUCH, “Gefahrtragung beim Versendungskauf nach neuem Schuldrecht”, JuS, 2003, pp. 625 y ss.
  • WESTERMANN, H.-P., “Das neue Kaufrecht einschließlich des Verbrauchsgüterkaufs”, JZ, 2001, pp. 530 y ss.
  • WESTERMANN, H.-P., “Kaufrecht im Wandel”, in SCHULZE/SCHULTE-NÖLKE, Die Schuldrechtsreform vor dem Hintergrund des Gemeinschaftsrechts, 2001, pp. 109 y ss.
  • WESTERMANN, H.-P., “Sondertagung Schuldrechtsmodernisierung – Das neue Kaufrecht einschließlich des Verbrauchsgüterkaufs”, JZ, 2001, pp. 530 y ss.
  • WESTERMANN, H.-P.,“Das neue Kaufrecht”, NJW, 2002, pp. 241 y ss.
  • WHITTAKER, S., “I problemi posti dal recepimento della direttiva 1999/44/CE del 25 maggio 1999, concernente taluni aspetti della vendita di beni di consumo e delle garanzie ad essi relative. Prospettive del diritto inglese”, en AAVV, L´attuazione della Direttiva 99/44/CE in Italia e in Europa, Milano, Cedam, 2002, pp. 293 y ss.
  • WOLF, “Reform des Kaufrechts durch EG-Richtlinie – ein Vorteil für die Wirtschaft? – Die möglichen Auswirkungen einer Richtlinie über den Verbrauchsgüterkauf und -garantien auf das deutsche Kaufrecht und die Wirtschaft”, RIW, 1997, pp. 899 y ss.
  • WRASE/MÜLLER-HELLE, “Aliud-Lieferung beim Verbrauchsgüterkauf – ein nur scheinbar gelöstes Problem”, NJW, 2002, pp. 2537 y ss.
  • ZACCARIA, A., “Reflessioni circa l’attuazione della Direttiva n. 1999/44/CE su taluni aspetti della vendita e delle garanzie dei beni di consumo”, Studium Iuris, 2000, pp. 230 y ss.
  • ZACCARIA, A./DE CRISTOFARO, G., La vendita dei beni di consumo, Milano, Cedam, 2002.
  • ZERRES, M., “Recht auf Nacherfüllung im deutschen und englischen Kaufrecht”, RIW, 2003, pp. 746 y ss.
  • ZIEGLER/RIEDER, “Vertragsgestaltung und Vertragsanpassung nach dem Schuldrechtsmodernisierungsgesetz”, ZIP, 2001, pp. 1789 y ss.
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    • Animal health rules governing the production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of animal origin for human consumption

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    Animal health rules governing the production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of animal origin for human consumption

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Animal health rules governing the production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of animal origin for human consumption

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Food safety > Veterinary checks animal health rules food hygiene

    Animal health rules governing the production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of animal origin for human consumption

    Document or Iniciative

    Council Directive 2002/99/EC of 12 December 2002 laying down the animal health rules governing the production, processing, distribution and introduction of products of animal origin for human consumption.

    Summary

    This Directive harmonises and strengthens veterinary public health requirements scattered throughout the legislation. It makes for stricter application of animal health rules and a broader scope.

    The Directive thus covers all production stages of a product of animal origin: primary production, processing, transport, storage and sale. It also applies to live animals intended for human consumption. It lays down animal health conditions applicable to all these stages.

    General animal health requirements

    The Directive makes the Member States responsible for measures needed to eradicate the transmission of animal diseases and lays down the conditions to be met for products of animal origin, banning those from areas or territories subject to animal health restrictions. In the latter case, the Directive stipulates the conditions for possible derogations.

    Veterinary certificates and checks

    The Directive specifies when Member States must require veterinary certificates, together with detailed rules for their application.

    However, pending the adoption of the whole “hygiene package”, the Member States are responsible for official veterinary controls and measures applicable where infringements of the animal health rules are found.

    Imports from non-EU countries

    The competent authorities of the Member States must take the necessary measures to ensure that imported products of animal origin comply with the requirements applicable to Community products.

    The Directive makes provision for the creation and updating of lists of non-EU countries or regions of non-EU countries from which imports are authorised. It lays down the conditions a country needs to meet to be included in these lists. Among other requirements, the Directive requires non-EU countries and regions to undergo a compulsory Community audit and obtain a veterinary certificate in accordance with the specific procedure set out in the Directive.

    The Community inspections and/or audits can be carried out throughout the food chain in the non-EU countries included in the lists.

    Revision clause

    The Directive contains a revision clause with a view to amending the Annexes, where the following are specified: animal diseases covered (Annex I), description of the compulsory elements, which should include special identification markings for meat from a territory subject to animal health restrictions (Annex II), and general principles of certification (Annex IV).

    Background

    In January 2000, the Commission presented a complete recast of legislation dealing with food hygiene and veterinary aspects “hygiene package”. This reorganisation comprises five acts on the following subjects:

    • food hygiene;
    • specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin;
    • official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption,
    • animal health rules governing the production, placing on the market and import of products of animal origin for human consumption (the subject of this factsheet);
    • official food and feed controls.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal
    Directive 2002/99/EC 01.01.2005 31.12.2004 OJ L 18 of 23.01.2003

    Unique identifiers for GMOs

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    Unique identifiers for GMOs

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Unique identifiers for GMOs

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Food safety > Specific themes

    Unique identifiers for GMOs

    Document or Iniciative

    Commission Regulation (EC) No 65/2004 of 14 January 2004, establishing a system for the development and assignment of unique identifiers for genetically modified organisms.

    Summary

    Scope

    The Regulation applies to all genetically modified organisms that will be imported into the Community for cultivation and for human food and animal feed, except medicinal products for human and veterinary use.

    Authorisation to place on the market

    Since the beginning of the 1990s, the placing on the market of genetically modified organisms has been regulated by Directive 90/220/EEC. Since 1997, the regulations on GMOs, limited to Directive 90/220/EEC (covering the import, processing and cultivation of GMOs and their use in animal feed) have been strengthened by a Regulation concerning novel foods and novel food ingredients intended for human food (Regulation 97/258/EC).

    The regulatory framework for GMOs was amended and updated by the adoption of Directive 2001/18/EC repealing the above-mentioned Directive 90/220/EEC, and by the adoption of two Regulations, one relating to GMOs in human food and animal feed (Regulation 1829/2003/EC) and the other to the labelling and traceability of GMOs (Regulation 1830/2003/EC).

    All GMOs must be assessed before they can be sown or placed on the market. This risk assessment is carried out on a case-by-case basis and examines the expected or unexpected possible effects that the GMO is likely to have on health and on the environment. Therefore, effects linked to a GMO’s potential toxicity/allergenicity or its effects on non-target organisms for example are evaluated by national and Community scientific bodies (including the European Food Safety Authority).

    Once GMO products have been authorised to be placed on the market (Directive 2001/18/EC or Regulation 1829/2003), the appropriate identifier unique to each GMO must be included on the labelling.

    The identifier is made up of 9 characters, including letters and numbers, combined in a uniform way (see the Regulation’s annex). This format was approved within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The identifier for each specific GMO is therefore listed in the OECD’s BioTrack database.

    The Commission or the authority that approved the product’s marketing must inform the Biosafety Clearing-House (set up under the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol) in writing of this unique identifier.

    Context

    The unique identifier is a GMO identification measure that is also linked to labelling and which facilitates the traceability of these products throughout the food chain, in application of Regulation 1830/2003.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal
    Regulation (EC) No 65/2004 16/01/2004 – OJ L 10 of 16/01/2004

    Related Acts

    Regulation (EC) No 641/2004 of the Commission of 6 April 2004 on detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the application for the authorisation of new genetically modified food and feed, the notification of existing products and adventitious or technically unavoidable presence of genetically modified material which has benefited from a favourable risk evaluation (Official Journal L 102 of 07/04/2004).


    Regulation (EC) No 1830

    of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC (Official Journal L 268 of 18/10/2003).

     

    Unfair terms

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    Unfair terms

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Unfair terms

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Internal market > Single market for capital

    Unfair terms

    Document or Iniciative

    Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts [See amending act(s)].

    Summary

    This Directive does not apply to contractual terms reflecting:

    • mandatory provisions or regulations;
    • provisions arising from international agreements to which the Member States or the Community are signatories.

    A non-negotiated term is unfair when it establishes a significant imbalance, to the consumer’s detriment, between the rights and obligations of the contracting parties.

    A list of terms which may be deemed unfair is annexed to the Directive.

    Assessing the unfair nature of a contractual term takes into account:

    • the nature of the goods or services covered by the contract;
    • the circumstances surrounding the drawing up of the contract;
    • the other terms in the contract or in another contract to which it relates.

    Neither the definition of the main aim of the contract nor the relationship between the price and the service or goods to be provided may be taken into account in assessing the unfair nature of clearly worded contractual terms.

    Where there is doubt as to the meaning of a term, the interpretation most favourable to the consumer will prevail.

    Consumers are not bound by unfair terms in a contract signed with a professional.

    The Member States are to implement the appropriate measures to end the use of unfair terms.

    The Commission is to report to the European Parliament and the Council by 31 December 1999 on the application of this Directive.

    REFERENCES

    Act Entry into force Deadline for implementation in the Member States Official Journal

    Directive 93/13/EEC

    11.5.1993

    31.12.1994

    OJ L 95, 21.4.1993
    Amending act(s) Entry into force Deadline for implementation in the Member States Official Journal

    Directive 2002/995/EC

    9.12.2002

    1.1.2003

    OJ L 353, 30.12.2002

    Related Acts

    Report from the Commission on the implementation of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts [COM (2000) 248 final – Not published in the Official Journal].
    The purpose of this report is not only to appraise Directive 93/13/EEC, five years after the deadline for its transposition, but also to raise a number of questions with a view to improving the existing situation.
    According to the Commission, its work since 1993 has had a significant effect: infringement procedures, market studies, subsidies granted with a view to eliminating unfair terms in certain economic sectors, the dialogue between consumers and professionals, information campaigns, the conference organised in Brussels in 1999, and the Clab database.
    Drawing on the experience gained in implementing the Directive in the Member States, the report suggests a number of improvements. The suggestions mainly concern the scope of the Directive and its limitations, the notion of unfair terms, the list in the annex to the Directive, the failure to supervise pre-contractual terms and conditions, the principle of transparency and the right to information, penalties, existing national arrangements for eliminating unfair terms, the problems posed by certain economic sectors, and the future of the Clab database.

    Cosmetic products

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    Cosmetic products

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Cosmetic products

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Food safety > Animal welfare

    Cosmetic products (from 2013)

    Document or Iniciative

    Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (Text with EEA relevance).

    Summary

    Cosmetic products are substances * or mixtures of substances intended to be placed in contact with the external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, etc.) or with the teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them, perfuming them, changing their appearance, protecting them, keeping them in good condition or correcting body odours.

    Free movement of these products in the internal market is permitted if they comply with this Regulation.

    Market surveillance

    A responsible person established in the Community shall be designated for each product placed on the market. This person shall ensure compliance of the products with the rules set out in the Regulation. In particular, they shall ensure compliance with requirements relating to human health, safety and consumer information. They shall maintain a product information file accessible to the public authorities.

    In order to ensure product traceability, responsible persons shall identify the distributors to whom they supply the cosmetic product: for a period of three years following the date on which the batch of the cosmetic product was made available to the distributor. The same applies to all other persons involved in the supply chain.

    In case of product non-compliance, the responsible person shall take measures to render it compliant, withdraw it from the market or recall it to the manufacturing company in all Member States where the product is available. Where the responsible person does not take all appropriate measures, the competent national authorities may take the necessary corrective measures.

    If a product which complies with the requirements of the Regulation presents or could present a serious risk to human health, the competent national authority shall take all necessary provisional measures to withdraw, recall or restrict the availability of the product on the market.

    Limitations for certain substances

    The Annexes of this Regulation give a list of prohibited substances (Annex II) or restricted substances (Annex III) with respect to use in cosmetic products. Certain colorants (other than those in Annex IV), preservatives (other than those in Annex V) and UV-filters (other than those in Annex VI) are also prohibited.

    The Regulation prohibits the use of substances recognised as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (classified as CMR), apart from in exceptional cases. It provides for a high level of protection of human health where nanomaterials are used in cosmetic products.

    Consumer information

    Product labelling contributes to consumer protection. Containers or packaging must bear written information in indelible, easily legible and visible lettering. This information concerns:

    • the name or registered name and the address of the responsible person;
    • the country of origin for imported products;
    • the weight or volume of the content at the time of packaging;
    • a use-by date for products kept in appropriate conditions;
    • precautions for use, including for cosmetics for professional use;
    • the batch number of manufacture or the reference for identifying the cosmetic product;
    • the list of ingredients, i.e. any substance or mixture intentionally used in the product during the process of manufacturing.

    The language of the information shall be determined by the Member State where the product is made available to the end user.

    Animal testing

    Animal testing must be replaced by alternative methods. The Regulation prohibits the performance of animal testing in the European Union for:

    • finished products,
    • ingredients or combinations of ingredients.

    The Regulation also prohibits the placing on the European Union market of:

    • products where the final formulation has been the subject of animal testing;
    • products containing ingredients or combinations of ingredients which have been the subject of animal testing.

    A derogation from the ban relating to placing products on the market shall be granted until 11 March 2013 in order to test repeated-dose toxicity, the effects of certain substances on reproduction and to study toxicokinetics *.

    In exceptional circumstances, Member States may request the Commission to grant a derogation, after consulting the Scientific Committee for Consumer Safety (SCCS), if an ingredient in wide use which cannot be replaced gives rise to serious concerns.

    Committee procedure

    The Commission shall be assisted by the Standing Committee on Cosmetic Products.

    Context

    This Regulation recasts Directive 76/768/EEC due to the many amendments made to it and the new amendments that were required.

    The new Regulation shall apply in 2013. However, some of its provisions will apply from 1 December 2010: they concern substances which are carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (classified as CMR).

    Key terms
    • Substance: a chemical element and its compounds in the natural state or obtained by any manufacturing process, including any additive necessary to preserve its stability and any impurity deriving from the process used but excluding any solvent which may be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or changing its composition.
    • Toxicokinetics: study of the long-term effects of toxic substances in the body.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal
    Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009

    11.7.2013

    1.12.10 (Articles 15 paragraphs 1 and 2, Articles 14, 16, 31 and 32)

    11.1.2013 (Article 16, paragraph 3, second section)

    –

    OJ L 342 of 22.12.2009

    Another Normative about Cosmetic products

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic

    Food safety > Animal welfare

    Cosmetic products (until 2013)

    Document or Iniciative

    Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products (Cosmetics Directive) [See amending act(s)].

    Summary

    The free movement of cosmetic products within the European market cannot be restricted or prohibited by Member States if these products are not dangerous to human health under normal or foreseeable conditions of use.

    However, if a cosmetic product conforming to this Directive constitutes a danger to human health, the Member State of the territory on which the product is marketed may take restrictive or prohibitive measures. In this instance, it informs the other Member States and the Commission so that appropriate measures can be taken throughout the European Union (EU).

    Ingredients and composition

    The Directive determines the list of substances which are prohibited in the composition of cosmetic products (Annex II) and the substances which are subject to restrictions or specific conditions of use (Annex III).

    The Directive also contains lists of authorised colourings (Annex IV), preservatives (Annex VI) and UV filters (Annex VII).

    Labelling

    Containers and/or packaging must specifically mention, in indelible, easily legible and visible characters:

    • the name and address of the manufacturer or of the person responsible for marketing the product;
    • the nominal contents at the time of packaging, by weight or by volume;
    • the date of minimum durability indicated for products with a minimum durability of less than 30 months;
    • the period of time after opening for which the product can be used for products with a minimum durability of more than 30 months (indicated with the symbol representing an open pot of cream);
    • the function of the product and particular precautions for use;
    • the batch number.

    This information must be in the official language(s) of the respective Member State.

    Moreover, the labelling must contain a list of ingredients. Perfume and aromatic compositions are designated by the words “perfume” or “aroma”, except where these have been identified as a significant cause of allergic reactions.

    Market surveillance

    Member States are responsible for monitoring their market. To this end, they check the safety of products manufactured or imported in the EU. Furthermore, they also ensure that the characteristics attributed to cosmetic products are not deceptive.

    The manufacturer, the importer or the person responsible for marketing the product must inform the national competent authorities when a product is imported into the EU for the first time.

    Animal testing

    The Directive puts an end to animal testing by imposing bans on:

    • testing finished cosmetic products and ingredients on animals (testing ban);
    • marketing finished cosmetic products which have been tested on animals or which contain ingredients that have been tested on animals (marketing ban).

    With regard to repeated-dose toxicity tests, reproductive toxicity tests, and toxicokinetics, the marketing prohibition applies from 11 March 2013. This prohibition is applicable regardless of the availability of alternative test methods.

    Context

    This Directive is replaced by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 from 11 July 2013.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal

    Directive 76/768/EEC

    30.7.1976

    30.1.1978

    OJ L 262 of 27.9.1976
    Amending act(s) Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal

    Directive 79/661/EEC

    26.7.1979

    30.7.1979

    OJ L 192 of 31.7.1979

    Directive 82/368/EEC

    19.5.1982

    31.12.1983

    OJ L 167 of 15.6.1982

    Directive 83/574/EEC

    4.11.1983

    31.12.1984

    OJ L 332 of 28.11.1983

    Directive 88/667/EEC

    14.1.1989

    31.12.1989

    OJ L 382 of 31.12.1988

    Directive 89/679/EEC

    3.1.1990

    3.1.1990

    OJ L 398 of 30.12.1989

    Directive 93/35/EEC

    23.6.1993

    14.6.1995

    OJ L 151 of 23.6.1993

    Directive 2003/15/EC

    11.3.2003

    11.9.2004

    OJ L 66 of 11.3.2003

    Successive amendments and corrections to Directive 76/768/EEC have been incorporated in the basic text. This consolidated version  has a purely documentary value”.

    Related Acts

    Non-inclusion of ingredients on labelling

    Commission Directive 95/17/ECof 19 June 1995 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Directive 76/768/EEC as regards the non- inclusion of one or more ingredients on the list used for the labelling of cosmetic products.

    Inventory and common nomenclature of ingredients

    Commission Decision 96/335/EC of 8 May 1996 establishing an inventory and a common nomenclature of ingredients employed in cosmetic products [Official Journal L 132 of 1.6.1996].

    Checking the composition of cosmetic products

    First Commission Directive 80/1335/EEC of 22 December 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [Amended by Directive 87/143/EEC, Official Journal L 57 of 27.2.1987].

    Second Commission Directive 82/434/EEC of 14 May 1982 on the approximation of the Laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [Amended by Directive 90/207/EEC, Official Journal L 108 of 28.4.1990].

    Third Commission Directive 83/514/EEC of 27 September 1983 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 291 of 24.10.1983].

    Fourth Commission Directive 85/490/EEC of 11 October 1985 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 295 of 7.11.1985].

    Fifth Commission Directive 93/73/EEC of 9 September 1993 on the methods of analysis necessary for checking composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 231 of 14.9.1993].

    Sixth Commission Directive 95/32/EC of 7 July 1995 relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 178 of 28.7.1995].

    Seventh Commission Directive 96/45/EC of 2 July 1996 relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 213 of 22.8.1996].

    Another Normative about Cosmetic products

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic

    Internal market > Pharmaceutical and cosmetic products

    Cosmetic products (until 2013)

    Document or Iniciative

    Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products (Cosmetics Directive) [See amending act(s)].

    Summary

    The free movement of cosmetic products within the European market cannot be restricted or prohibited by Member States if these products are not dangerous to human health under normal or foreseeable conditions of use.

    However, if a cosmetic product conforming to this Directive constitutes a danger to human health, the Member State of the territory on which the product is marketed may take restrictive or prohibitive measures. In this instance, it informs the other Member States and the Commission so that appropriate measures can be taken throughout the European Union (EU).

    Ingredients and composition

    The Directive determines the list of substances which are prohibited in the composition of cosmetic products (Annex II) and the substances which are subject to restrictions or specific conditions of use (Annex III).

    The Directive also contains lists of authorised colourings (Annex IV), preservatives (Annex VI) and UV filters (Annex VII).

    Labelling

    Containers and/or packaging must specifically mention, in indelible, easily legible and visible characters:

    • the name and address of the manufacturer or of the person responsible for marketing the product;
    • the nominal contents at the time of packaging, by weight or by volume;
    • the date of minimum durability indicated for products with a minimum durability of less than 30 months;
    • the period of time after opening for which the product can be used for products with a minimum durability of more than 30 months (indicated with the symbol representing an open pot of cream);
    • the function of the product and particular precautions for use;
    • the batch number.

    This information must be in the official language(s) of the respective Member State.

    Moreover, the labelling must contain a list of ingredients. Perfume and aromatic compositions are designated by the words “perfume” or “aroma”, except where these have been identified as a significant cause of allergic reactions.

    Market surveillance

    Member States are responsible for monitoring their market. To this end, they check the safety of products manufactured or imported in the EU. Furthermore, they also ensure that the characteristics attributed to cosmetic products are not deceptive.

    The manufacturer, the importer or the person responsible for marketing the product must inform the national competent authorities when a product is imported into the EU for the first time.

    Animal testing

    The Directive puts an end to animal testing by imposing bans on:

    • testing finished cosmetic products and ingredients on animals (testing ban);
    • marketing finished cosmetic products which have been tested on animals or which contain ingredients that have been tested on animals (marketing ban).

    With regard to repeated-dose toxicity tests, reproductive toxicity tests, and toxicokinetics, the marketing prohibition applies from 11 March 2013. This prohibition is applicable regardless of the availability of alternative test methods.

    Context

    This Directive is replaced by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 from 11 July 2013.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal

    Directive 76/768/EEC

    30.7.1976

    30.1.1978

    OJ L 262 of 27.9.1976
    Amending act(s) Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal

    Directive 79/661/EEC

    26.7.1979

    30.7.1979

    OJ L 192 of 31.7.1979

    Directive 82/368/EEC

    19.5.1982

    31.12.1983

    OJ L 167 of 15.6.1982

    Directive 83/574/EEC

    4.11.1983

    31.12.1984

    OJ L 332 of 28.11.1983

    Directive 88/667/EEC

    14.1.1989

    31.12.1989

    OJ L 382 of 31.12.1988

    Directive 89/679/EEC

    3.1.1990

    3.1.1990

    OJ L 398 of 30.12.1989

    Directive 93/35/EEC

    23.6.1993

    14.6.1995

    OJ L 151 of 23.6.1993

    Directive 2003/15/EC

    11.3.2003

    11.9.2004

    OJ L 66 of 11.3.2003

    Successive amendments and corrections to Directive 76/768/EEC have been incorporated in the basic text. This consolidated version  has a purely documentary value”.

    Related Acts

    Non-inclusion of ingredients on labelling

    Commission Directive 95/17/EC

    of 19 June 1995 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Directive 76/768/EEC as regards the non- inclusion of one or more ingredients on the list used for the labelling of cosmetic products.

    Inventory and common nomenclature of ingredients

    Commission Decision 96/335/EC of 8 May 1996 establishing an inventory and a common nomenclature of ingredients employed in cosmetic products [Official Journal L 132 of 1.6.1996].

    Checking the composition of cosmetic products

    First Commission Directive 80/1335/EEC of 22 December 1980 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [Amended by Directive 87/143/EEC, Official Journal L 57 of 27.2.1987].

    Second Commission Directive 82/434/EEC of 14 May 1982 on the approximation of the Laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [Amended by Directive 90/207/EEC, Official Journal L 108 of 28.4.1990].

    Third Commission Directive 83/514/EEC of 27 September 1983 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 291 of 24.10.1983].

    Fourth Commission Directive 85/490/EEC of 11 October 1985 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 295 of 7.11.1985].

    Fifth Commission Directive 93/73/EEC of 9 September 1993 on the methods of analysis necessary for checking composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 231 of 14.9.1993].

    Sixth Commission Directive 95/32/EC of 7 July 1995 relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 178 of 28.7.1995].

    Seventh Commission Directive 96/45/EC of 2 July 1996 relating to methods of analysis necessary for checking the composition of cosmetic products [OJ L 213 of 22.8.1996].

    New rights for rail passengers

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    New rights for rail passengers

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about New rights for rail passengers

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Transport > Rail transport

    New rights for rail passengers

    Document or Iniciative

    Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on rail passengers’ rights and obligations.

    Summary

    This Regulation aims at establishing rights and obligations for rail service users in order to improve the efficiency and appeal of rail transport for passengers.

    Scope

    This Regulation concerns all rail journeys and services provided under licence by one or more rail undertakings under Directive 95/18/EC.

    It does not apply to transport services or rail undertakings which are not licensed.

    A Member State has the option to grant an exemption from this Regulation for a maximum period of five years, which may be renewed twice. It may also exempt urban, suburban and regional rail passenger services from this Regulation.

    Passengers’ rights

    Rail passengers shall henceforth have new basic rights:

    Transport contract, information and tickets

    Passengers shall be given clear information:

    • before the journey, in particular concerning the relevant conditions applicable to the contract, timetables and the fares applied;
    • during the journey, in particular concerning any delays or interruptions to services;
    • concerning procedures for the submission of complaints.

    Rail undertakings shall make the purchasing of tickets easier for rail passengers. As a general rule tickets shall be sold at least either via ticket offices or selling machines, or on board trains or via widely available information technology (internet or telephone).

    Passengers and their luggage

    Passengers have the right to compensation if their registered luggage is lost or damaged (up to EUR 1,285 per item of luggage).

    This Regulation strengthens passengers’ rights to compensation in the case of death or injury. An advance shall:

    • be paid not later than fifteen days after the identification of the natural person entitled to compensation;
    • enable their immediate economic needs to be met;
    • be proportional to the damage suffered.

    Delays and cancellations

    This Regulation strengthens passengers’ rights to compensation in the case of delays or cancellations. Passengers may claim a minimum compensation equivalent to:

    • 25 % of the ticket price for a delay of 60 to 119 minutes;
    • 50 % of the ticket price for a delay of 120 minutes or more.

    In the case of a delay in arrival or departure, passengers have the right to:

    • meals and refreshments within reasonable limits;
    • accommodation where a stay of one or more nights becomes necessary;
    • transport to the departure or arrival point if the train is blocked on the track.

    Non-discrimination of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility

    This Regulation gives disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility the following rights:

    • disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility have the right to non-discriminatory access to transport at no additional charge when buying a ticket or making a reservation;
    • upon request, disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility shall be provided with information concerning the accessibility of rail services and trains;
    • rail undertakings and station managers shall make all reasonable efforts to ensure that trains and other rail services are accessible;
    • rail undertakings and station managers shall make all reasonable efforts to provide assistance free of charge on board trains and at staffed stations; to guarantee assistance under good conditions, passengers are requested to comply with certain provisions (e.g. 48 hours’ notice before departure);
    • disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility have the right to compensation if the rail undertaking is responsible for the loss or damage of mobility equipment.

    Security, complaints and quality of service

    This Regulation obliges rail undertakings and stations managers to ensure passengers’ personal security in trains and stations in conjunction with the public authorities.

    Rail undertakings are henceforth required to put in place a complaints handling service in order to meet the rights and obligations covered by this Regulation.

    Member States must now offer passengers the option to submit a complaint to an independent body if they feel that their rights have not been respected. The minimum service quality standards include:

    • passenger information and tickets;
    • punctuality of service and general principles;
    • cancellation of services;
    • cleanliness of rolling stock and station facilities;
    • customer satisfaction surveys;
    • complaint handling, refunds and compensation for non-compliance with service quality standards;
    • assistance provided to disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility.

    Information to passengers about their rights

    Rail passengers shall be informed of their rights and obligations under this Regulation when purchasing a ticket.

    Context

    This Regulation comes under the framework of the Common Transport Policy and contributes to the aim of protecting rail passengers’ rights.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal
    Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007

    3.12.2009

    –

    OJ L 315 of 3.12.2007

    RELATED ACTS

    Communication from the Commission of 3 March 2004 – Further integration of the European rail system: third railway package [COM(2004) 140 final – Not published in the Official Journal].

    Computerised reservation systems

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    Computerised reservation systems

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Computerised reservation systems

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Transport > Mobility and passenger rights

    Computerised reservation systems

    Document or Iniciative

    Regulation (EC) No 80/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 January 2009 on a Code of Conduct for computerised reservation systems and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 2299/89.

    Summary

    This Regulation aims to establish a harmonised code of conduct regarding the use of computerised reservation systems in order to ensure fair competition and to protect consumers’ rights.

    Scope

    This Regulation shall apply to:?

    • any computerised reservation system (CRS) * used or offered for use in the Community for air transport services;
    • rail-transport products * used or offered for use in the Community and which are incorporated alongside air-transport products into the principal display of a CRS.

    RULES OF CONDUCT FOR SYSTEM VENDORS

    Relationship with transport providers

    A system vendor * may not:

    • impose unfair or discriminatory conditions in contracts concluded with participating carriers or their subscribers;
    • prevent a participating carrier from using other reservation systems.

    Distribution facilities

    All system vendors shall apply the same treatment to all participating carriers with regard to distributing their transport products and shall inform them of changes to their distribution facilities or loading procedures. Furthermore, a system vendor shall ensure that its distribution facilities * are clearly separated from the management and marketing facilities of participating carriers.

    Displays

    The presentation of data related to the transport products offered shall not mislead the consumer.

    Flights operated by air carriers banned from operating in the Community shall be displayed in a clear and distinctive manner. The system vendor shall enable users to clearly identify the operating air carrier.

    System vendors from third countries have an obligation to treat Community carriers in a manner that is equivalent to their treatment of national carriers. The Commission shall ensure that in third countries, Community air carriers are not treated in a discriminatory manner by system vendors. Should this be the case, the Commission may require system vendors operating in the Community to treat air carriers from third countries in a similar manner.

    RULES OF CONDUCT FOR TRANSPORT PROVIDERS

    Participating carriers shall submit accurate data to a CRS in such as way as to enable it to comply with the rules on displaying data.

    A parent carrier, subject to reciprocity, shall not discriminate against a competing CRS by refusing, for example, to provide the latter with the same information on its own transport products that it provides to its own CRS.

    A parent carrier shall not directly or indirectly favour its own CRS by obliging a subscriber to use a particular CRS to sell its transport products.

    PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA

    All system vendors shall be responsible for processing personal data. Personal data shall only be processed for the purpose of making reservations or issuing tickets for transport products.

    AUDIT

    System vendors shall submit an independently audited report every four years or upon request from the Commission.

    INFRINGEMENTS AND PENALTIES

    Where the Commission finds that there is an infringement of this Regulation, it may require the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned to bring such an infringement to an end and impose on the latter fines not exceeding 10 % of the total turnover. The Commission shall first issue to the undertakings or associations of undertakings concerned a statement of objections.

    This Regulation repeals Regulation (EEC)n° 2299/89.

    Key terms of the Act
    • Transport product: the carriage of a passenger between two airports or rail stations;
    • Computerised reservation system or ‘CRS’: a computerised system containing information about, inter alia, schedules, availability and fares, of more than one air carrier, with or without facilities to make reservations or issue tickets, to the extent that some or all of these services are made available to subscribers;
    • System vendor: any entity and its affiliates which is or are responsible for the operation or marketing of a CRS;
    • Distribution facilities: facilities provided by a system vendor for the provision of information about air carriers’ and rail-transport operators’ schedules, availability, fares and related services and for making reservations and/or issuing tickets, and for any other related services.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal

    Regulation (EC) No 80/2009

    29.3.2009

    –

    OJ L 35 of 4.2.2009

    ?

    Rights of passengers travelling by sea and inland waterway

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    Rights of passengers travelling by sea and inland waterway

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Rights of passengers travelling by sea and inland waterway

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Transport > Mobility and passenger rights

    Rights of passengers travelling by sea and inland waterway

    Document or Iniciative

    Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 concerning the rights of passengers when travelling by sea and inland waterway.

    Summary

    This regulation applies to passengers travelling on passenger services * either departing from or arriving in a port within the European Union (EU), and on cruises where the port of embarkation is in the EU. It does not apply to passengers travelling:

    • on ships certified to carry up to 12 passengers;
    • on ships which have a crew of less than three persons or where the distance of the service is less than 500 metres;
    • on excursion and sightseeing tours;
    • on ships not propelled by mechanical means and historical ships, certified to carry up to 36 passengers.

    Rights of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility

    Carriers, travel agents and tour operators must not refuse to accept reservations, issue tickets or embark persons on the grounds of disability or of reduced mobility, and nor must tickets be offered at an additional cost. Reservations and tickets may, however, be refused to disabled persons or persons with reduced mobility in order to meet applicable safety requirements and where the design of the passenger ship or port infrastructure and equipment makes the safe embarkation, disembarkation or carriage of disabled persons impossible. In the case of such a refusal, carriers, travel agents and tour operators must make all reasonable efforts to find an alternative means of transport for the person concerned.

    Rights in the event of interrupted travel

    In the event of a cancellation or a delayed departure of a passenger service, passengers must be informed by the carrier of the situation as soon as possible and no later than 30 minutes after the scheduled time of departure. In this case, carriers must also inform passengers of the estimated departure time and estimated arrival time as soon as such information is available. Where the departure is cancelled or delayed for more than 90 minutes, passengers must be offered free of charge snacks, meals or refreshments in reasonable relation to the waiting time. Where an overnight stay is necessary, the carrier must offer, where possible, free of charge accommodation for the passengers. The carrier may limit the total cost of accommodation to EUR 80 per night per passenger, for a maximum of three nights.

    When a departure is cancelled or delayed for more than 90 minutes, passengers must immediately be offered the choice between re-routing to the final destination at the earliest opportunity and at no additional cost or reimbursement of the ticket price and, where appropriate, a return service free of charge to the first point of departure.

    Passengers may also request compensation, in addition to the transport, from the carrier in the event of a delay in arrival at the final destination. The minimum level of compensation is 25 % of the ticket price for a delay of at least:

    • 1 hour in the case of a scheduled journey of up to 4 hours;
    • 2 hours in the case of a scheduled journey of between 4 and 8 hours;
    • 3 hours in the case of a scheduled journey of between 8 and 24 hours;
    • 6 hours in the case of a scheduled journey of more than 24 hours.

    If the delay exceeds double the time set out above, the compensation will increase to 50 % of the ticket price. The compensation will be paid, either in vouchers or in money at the request of the passenger, within 1 month of the request for compensation. This compensation must not be reduced by financial transaction costs such as fees, telephone costs or stamps.

    Carriers are not required to provide passengers with an overnight stay and compensation where the cancellation or delay is caused by weather conditions endangering the safe operation of the ship.

    Carriers and terminal operators must establish or have in place an accessible complaint-handling mechanism for the rights and obligations provided for in this regulation. A passenger must submit a complaint within 2 months from the date on which the transport service was undertaken or when the service should have been undertaken. Within 1 month of receiving the complaint, the carrier or terminal operator must notify the passenger that the complaint has been substantiated, rejected or is still being considered. The final response must be provided within 2 months of the receipt of the complaint.

    Each EU country must establish an independent national body with the mandate to enforce the regulation and to impose penalties where appropriate.

    This regulation is applicable from 18 December 2012.

    Key terms used in the act
    • Passenger service: a commercial passenger transport service by sea or inland waterways operated according to a published timetable.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal

    Regulation (EU) No 1177/2010

    6.1.2011

    –

    OJ L 334, 17.12.2010

    Rights of passengers in bus and coach transport

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    Rights of passengers in bus and coach transport

    Outline of the Community (European Union) legislation about Rights of passengers in bus and coach transport

    Topics

    These categories group together and put in context the legislative and non-legislative initiatives which deal with the same topic.

    Transport > Mobility and passenger rights

    Rights of passengers in bus and coach transport

    Document or Iniciative

    Regulation (EU) No 181/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 concerning the rights of passengers in bus and coach transport.

    Summary

    Subject to certain exceptions, this regulation applies to passengers travelling with regular services * for non-specified categories of passengers where either the boarding or the alighting point is within the European Union (EU) and where the scheduled distance of the service is 250 km or more. Some of its provisions apply to all services, including those of shorter distance. The provisions of this regulation will apply as from 1 March 2013.

    The new rights applicable to long distance services (i.e. of more than 250 km) include, amongst others:

    • adequate assistance (snacks, meals and refreshments as well as, if necessary, up to two nights’ hotel accommodation, for a total amount of € 80 per night, except in case of severe weather conditions and major natural disasters) in situations of cancellation or following a delay of more than 90 minutes in the case of a journey of more than three hours;
    • guarantee of reimbursement or rerouting in situations of overbooking or in case of cancellation or following a delay of more than 120 minutes from the estimated time of departure;
    • compensation of 50 % of the ticket price following more than 120 minutes’ delay from the estimated time of departure, cancellation of a journey and if the carrier fails to offer the passenger either rerouting or reimbursement;
    • information when the service is cancelled or delayed in departure;
    • protection of passengers in case of death, injury, loss or damage caused by road accidents, particularly with regard to immediate practical needs in case of accident (including up to two nights’ hotel accommodation, for a total amount of € 80 per night);
    • specific assistance free of charge for disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility both at terminals and on board and, where necessary, transport free of charge for accompanying people.

    Additionally, the following rights will be applicable to all services (including those below 250 km):

    • non-discrimination based either directly or indirectly on nationality, with respect to tariffs and contract conditions for passengers;
    • non-discriminatory treatment of disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility as well as financial compensation for loss or damage of their mobility equipment in case of accident;
    • minimum rules on travel information for all passengers before and during their journey as well as general information about their rights in terminals and online; where feasible, this information shall be provided in accessible formats upon request, in the interest of the persons with reduced mobility;
    • a complaint handling mechanism established by carriers and available to all passengers;
    • independent national bodies in each EU country with the mandate to enforce the regulation and, where appropriate, to impose penalties.
    Key terms used in the act
    • Regular services: services which provide for the carriage of passengers by bus or coach at specified intervals along specified routes, passengers being picked up and set down at predetermined stopping points.

    References

    Act Entry into force Deadline for transposition in the Member States Official Journal

    Regulation (EU) No 181/2011

    20.3.2011

    –

    OJ L 55, 28.2.2011